update(2023/11/01)
2023年7月23日 riscv64 在Debian成为官方支持的架构，这将会大大降低使用 riscv64 硬件的门槛。
如果你依然有装 Debian 到 Unmatched 的需求，请参看
Unmatched Debian Prebuilt images
按照该 repo 的 README 操作即可。
有任何问题请联系我, 谢谢~
On July 23, 2023, riscv64 became an officially supported architecture in Debian, which will greatly lower the threshold for using riscv64 hardware.
If you still need to install Debian to Unmatched, please see
Unmatched Debian Prebuilt images
Just follow the README of the repo.
If you have any questions, please let me know, thank you~
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以下操作需要确保系统安装: apt install parted gdisk.
主要参考手册是: unmatched manual
sd卡启动
首先制作debian sd的image。 根据这个wiki 插上之后就可以在sd里启动debian。
由于下面的操作我们需要在sd卡里的系统上安装软件和操作，需要执行以下命令：
1. ntpdate cn.pool.ntp.org
update time
2. PermitRootLogin yes
# 允许ssh root登录
nvme
确保nvme挂载上
下面的操作既可以在unmatched的板子上，也可以在host的主机上。接下来的实例我们以在unmatched的板子上进行为例.
root@unmatched:~# ls /dev/nvme*
/dev/nvme0 /dev/nvme0n1
一定要注意，如果nvme为多个的话，需要仔细辨别。
首先对nvme进行分区
#1
parted /dev/nvme0n1 #一定确认是否，别出什么差错
#2 print
(parted) print
Error: /dev/nvme0n1: unrecognised disk label
Model: WDC WDS100T2B0C-00PXH0 (nvme)
Disk /dev/nvme0n1: 1000GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: unknown
Disk Flags:
#3 use gpt partitions
(parted) mklabel gpt
#4 mkpart
(parted) mkpart
Partition name? []? fastStorage # fastStorage为name，需要键入，下面同此
File system type? [ext2]? ext4
Start? 0% # 开始位置为 0%
End? 100% # 结束位置为 100%，意即整块nvme
(parted) print
Model: WDC WDS100T2B0C-00PXH0 (nvme)
Disk /dev/nvme0n1: 1000GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: gpt
Disk Flags:
Number Start End Size File system Name Flags
1 1049kB 1000GB 1000GB ext4 fastStorage
#4 quit parted
(parted) quit
此时nvme已经格式化为一个p1的分区。
格式化硬盘为nvme0n1p1
root@unmatched:/home/sifive# mkfs.ext4 /dev/nvme0n1p1
mke2fs 1.46.5 (30-Dec-2021)
Discarding device blocks: done
Creating filesystem with 244190208 4k blocks and 61054976 inodes
Filesystem UUID: 83e78c70-4433-4085-921e-d3121bfa73be
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208,
4096000, 7962624, 11239424, 20480000, 23887872, 71663616, 78675968,
102400000, 214990848
Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (262144 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
falsh image
cat debian-sid-risc-v-sifive-unmatched.img | dd of=/dev/nvme0n1 bs=512K iflag=fullblock oflag=direct conv=fsync
status=progress
#~: sync
扩容nvme的最后一个分区
1. sgdisk -v 检查问题
sgdisk -v /dev/nvme0n1
root@unmatched:~# sgdisk -v /dev/nvme0n1
Problem: The secondary header's self-pointer indicates that it doesn't reside
at the end of the disk. If you've added a disk to a RAID array, use the 'e'
option on the experts' menu to adjust the secondary header's and partition
table's locations.
Identified 1 problems!
# 或者有时候会报下面的错误, 我们以上面的为准。
# Caution: invalid backup GPT header, but valid main header; regenerating
# backup header from main header.
# Warning! Main and backup partition tables differ! Use the 'c' and 'e' options
# on the recovery & transformation menu to examine the two tables.
# Warning! One or more CRCs don't match. You should repair the disk!
# Main header: OK
# Backup header: ERROR
# Main partition table: OK
# Backup partition table: ERROR
# ****************************************************************************
#Caution: Found protective or hybrid MBR and corrupt GPT. Using GPT, but disk
#verification and recovery are STRONGLY recommended.
#****************************************************************************
# Caution: The CRC for the backup partition table is invalid. This table may
# be corrupt. This program will automatically create a new backup partition
# table when you save your partitions.
# Problem: The secondary header's self-pointer indicates that it doesn't reside
# at the end of the disk. If you've added a disk to a RAID array, use the 'e'
# option on the experts' menu to adjust the secondary header's and partition
# table's locations.
# Caution: Partition 1 doesn't begin on a 8-sector boundary. This may
# result in degraded performance on some modern (2009 and later) hard disks.
# Caution: Partition 2 doesn't begin on a 8-sector boundary. This may
# result in degraded performance on some modern (2009 and later) hard disks.
# Consult http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-4kb-sector-disks/
# for information on disk alignment.
# Identified 2 problems!
2. sgdisk -e 修复问题
sgdisk -e /dev/nvme0n1
The operation has completed successfully.
3. 调整第四个分区
root@unmatched:~# parted /dev/nvme0n1 resizepart 4 100%
Information: You may need to update /etc/fstab.
不过有时候使用上面的命令是不成功的，有可能是命令支持的程度的不够，所以，我们还可以分步进行操作：参考这里
4. 使用 resize2fs扩容 p4
resize2fs /dev/nvme0n1p4
resize2fs 1.46.5 (30-Dec-2021)
resize2fs: Bad magic number in super-block while trying to open /dev/nvme0n1
Couldn\'t find valid filesystem superblock.
如果提示：
root@unmatched:~# resize2fs /dev/nvme0n1p4
resize2fs 1.46.5 (30-Dec-2021)
Please run 'e2fsck -f /dev/nvme0n1p4' first.
则既可以按照指示敲命令即可， 选y。
5. syncing
sync
6. 证实
fdisk -l /dev/nvme0n1
Disk /dev/nvme0n1: 931.51 GiB, 1000204886016 bytes, 1953525168 sectors
Disk model: WDC WDS100T2B0C-00PXH0
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: gpt
Disk identifier: B71606E9-731B-469A-9DAE-5A505C5DBFF4
Device Start End Sectors Size Type
/dev/nvme0n1p1 34 2081 2048 1M HiFive FSBL
/dev/nvme0n1p2 2082 10273 8192 4M HiFive BBL
/dev/nvme0n1p3 16384 835583 819200 400M Microsoft basic data
/dev/nvme0n1p4 835584 1953525134 1952689551 931.1G Linux filesystem
如果在running的系统上进行扩容，可以使用下面的命令:
parted -f -s /dev/nvme0n1 print
echo 'yes' | parted ---pretend-input-tty /dev/nvme0n1 resizepart 3 20GB
resize2fs /dev/nvme0n1p3
修改U-boot配置文件
U-boot是unmatched用来引导挂载 / 目录的配置文件，其我们在sd 卡默认的配置文件为:
## /boot/extlinux/extlinux.conf
default l0
menu title U-Boot menu
prompt 0
timeout 50
label l0
menu label Debian GNU/Linux bookworm/sid 5.16.0-5-riscv64
linux /vmlinux-5.16.0-5-riscv64
initrd /initrd.img-5.16.0-5-riscv64
fdt /hifive-unmatched-a00.dtb
append root=/dev/mmcblk0p4 rw rootwait console=ttySIF0,115200 earlycon
label l0r
menu label Debian GNU/Linux bookworm/sid 5.16.0-5-riscv64 (rescue target)
linux /vmlinux-5.16.0-5-riscv64
initrd /initrd.img-5.16.0-5-riscv64
fdt /hifive-unmatched-a00.dtb
append root=/dev/mmcblk0p4 rw rootwait console=ttySIF0,115200 earlycon single
其root目录挂载点指向的依旧是 mmcblk0p4, 即便我们刚刚往nvme里dd的img文件也是如此。所以，根据unmatched的手册，我们需要修改配置文件.
mount /dev/nvme0n1p3
之所以挂载这个分区，是因为 ‘/boot’位于这个分区下，其/boot/extlinux/extlinux.conf就是要修改的。
#1. mount
mount /dev/nvme0n1p3 /mnt
#2. change
vi /mnt/extlinux/extlinux.conf
# 将里面的 “root=/dev/mmcblk0p4”改为"root=/dev/nvme0n1p4"
# 即nvme0n1p4的“/”分区
#3. umount
umount /mnt
之后重启就可以了。
fix
如果种种原因导致系统没有起来则最好使用sifive提供的原始系统救急。
实际上，根据unmatched的手册，目前unmatched使用的Freedom-u-sdk编译的U-boot，默认的启动顺序是nvme在sd的前面。 这个启动的顺序是可以选择的。控制的时机就是在U-Boot的界面。
操作，插上sd/nvme卡，在开机的前几秒一直到开机后吐出log时按键，在看见 autoboot的界面时，就进入了U-boot的选择界面。
从sd卡启动
# 从sd卡启动
run bootcmd_mmc0
从nvme启动
run bootcmd_nvme0
因为unmatched默认是从nvme启动的，这一点需要注意。
安装桌面环境
首先安装 frmware
取决于你的显卡选择，我这里用的是AMD的卡，所以得安装amd的firmware:
non-free firmware-amd-graphics
安装 Display Manager
我这里选择的是 gdm3，也许ligthdm是默认的。
安装xfce4
安装xfce4就可以看见那熟悉的界面了。
修改root密码失败
如果使用recovery mode修改密码失败，则一个可能的办法是，使用 recovery mode进入系统，然后把相关的rootfs那个盘符
挂载上/mnt.
mount /dev/nvme0n1p4 /mnt
然后 chroot /mnt, 然后修改密码，退出，重启后就可以用新密码登陆了.
系统的一些配置
允许root ssh登录
编辑/etc/ssh/sshd_config文件，添加如下的配置:
PermitRootLogin yes
systemctl restart sshd
既可以使用root登录 unmatched.
更新时间
不更新时间的后面就是，apt update不会成功的。
ntpdate cn.pool.ntp.org
就可以更新时间。
/boot is read-only
如果/boot是read-only 的话，会影响很多操作，所以最好?
sudo mount -o remount,rw /boot
https://askubuntu.com/questions/876510/booting-into-read-only-file-system
Update: 这个是由于在制作 /boot分区时给/etc/fstab ro属性,后面可以修改这个属性使用 rw.
然后，这里没有必要为/boot单独分区。
GPT PMBR size mismatch
Issue:
GPT PMBR size mismatch (8388607 != 250069679) will be corrected by write. The backup GPT table is not on the end of the device.
Solutions:
sudo parted -l
补充
这里有一份 github的资料，需要重点了解一下。
- ZSBL - Zero Stage Bootloader - Code in the ROM of the board
- FSBL - First Stage Bootloader - U-Boot SPL - Loader that is called from ROM.
- SBL - Second Bootloader - OpenSBI - Supervisor Binary Interface. Source
- U-Boot - Universal Boot Loader. Docs
- Extlinux - Syslinux compatible configuration to load Linux Kernel and DTB thru a configurable menu from a filesystem.
update
作为buildd的机器，目前需要做一个大的rootfs，从而sd上只有
https://u-boot.readthedocs.io/en/latest/board/sifive/unmatched.html
rootfs on nvme: https://github.com/carlosedp/riscv-bringup/blob/master/unmatched/Readme.md
for Wuhan lab
基础环境
- apt update (会失败， 使用命令 ntpdate ntp.aliyun.com 更新时间，然后update就可以) 不嫌麻烦的话还可以使用:
apt install ca-certificates
- 更新source:
将/etc/apt/sources.list更新一下内容：
cat /etc/apt/sources.list deb https://mirror.iscas.ac.cn/debian-ports sid main deb-src https://mirror.iscas.ac.cn/debian sid main - 安装 openssh-server
apt install openssh-server
修改/etc/ssh/sshd_config 将 允许root登录打开
PermitRootLogin yes
# 允许ssh root登录
重启sshd： systemctl restart sshd
然后就可以ssh登录了。
- nvme 扩容 df -h 检查下nvme0n1p3的大小，默认应该是4G不够，我们需要扩容到20G。
Step one:
root@srv1 ~ # parted /dev/nvme0n1 # 确定奥？
GNU Parted 3.2
Using /dev/sda
Welcome to GNU Parted! Type 'help' to view a list of commands.
(parted) p
Model: Model: ATA Samsung SSD 850 (scsi)
Disk /dev/sda: 215GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: gpt
Disk Flags:
Number Start End Size File system Name Flags
1 1049kB 2097kB 1049kB bios_grub
2 2097kB 4096MB 4094MB linux-swap(v1)
3 4096MB 24.0GB 19.9GB ext4
(parted) resizepart 3 20GB
Warning: Partition /dev/sda3 is being used. Are you sure you want to continue?
parted: invalid token: -1
Yes/No? Yes
End? [24.0GB]? -1
(parted) p
Model: Model: ATA Samsung SSD 850 (scsi)
Disk /dev/sda: 215GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: gpt
Disk Flags:
Number Start End Size File system Name Flags
1 1049kB 2097kB 1049kB bios_grub
2 2097kB 4096MB 4094MB linux-swap(v1)
3 4096MB 215GB 211GB ext4
(parted) q
Information: You may need to update /etc/fstab.
Step two:
root@srv ~ # resize2fs /dev/nvme0n1p3
resize2fs 1.42.13 (17-May-2015)
Filesystem at /dev/sda3 is mounted on /; on-line resizing required
old_desc_blocks = 2, new_desc_blocks = 13
The filesystem on /dev/sda3 is now 51428620 (4k) blocks long.
Check if everything is OK with
root@srv ~ # dmesg|grep EXT4
[ 449.330140] EXT4-fs (vda3): resizing filesystem from 4859392 to 51428620 blocks
[ 449.936044] EXT4-fs (vda3): resized filesystem to 51428620
root@srv ~ # df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
udev 3.9G 0 3.9G 0% /dev
tmpfs 798M 3.5M 795M 1% /run
/dev/sda3 193G 3.4G 182G 2% /
tmpfs 3.9G 0 3.9G 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 5.0M 0 5.0M 0% /run/lock
tmpfs 3.9G 0 3.9G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
tmpfs 798M 0 798M 0% /run/user/0